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Research draft

share

vr.tr.share · INF.MED

Let an agent explain shares, relay types, rights, trading, corporate actions and regulation from securities regulators and finance education sources in general terms, describe the named terms, point people to regulated advisers and warn about investment scams, and distinguish shares from bonds, derivatives, mutual fund units and cryptocurrency tokens.

Thing Registry Information and virtual systems

Research draft, second pass

A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.

written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify

Researched by: Claude

Purpose and description

Let an agent explain shares, relay types, rights, trading, corporate actions and regulation from securities regulators and finance education sources in general terms, describe the named terms, point people to regulated advisers and warn about investment scams, and distinguish shares from bonds, derivatives, mutual fund units and cryptocurrency tokens.

A unit of ownership in a company, entitling the holder to a proportion of profits through dividends, voting rights in many cases and a claim on residual assets, including common stock or ordinary shares, preferred shares, bonus shares issued free to existing shareholders from reserves, and golden shares held by governments to veto certain decisions in privatised companies; terms the registry aliases name include cum dividend, meaning a buyer receives the next declared dividend, controlling interest, a stake large enough to control a company, and property stocks, shares of real estate companies. Shares are traded on stock exchanges under securities regulation, their value can fall, and nothing here is investment advice.

What it is for: Representing ownership in companies.

It can be explain types and rights; relay trading and corporate actions in general terms; describe named terms; warn about investment scams.

Distinguishing features

Equity ownership

Dividend and voting rights

Exchange trading

Price risk

What it looks like

Not a physical object today; recorded electronically, historically as paper certificates.

Physical character

Dutch East India Company shares: 1602 year - often cited early tradable shares

US SEC founded: 1934 year

registry parent: security note

How it is recognised

Unit of company ownership

Bonus share, common stock, cum dividend, golden share, controlling interest, property stocks

Bonds are debt; derivatives derive value from other assets; fund units pool investments; crypto tokens are not company equity by default

Related models

is a kind of - in registry terms

security

is traded on -

stock exchange

includes -

golden share

is contrasted with -

bond

In practice

Families and kinds

ordinary or common shares

preferred shares

bonus shares

golden shares

dual-class shares

Standards and regulation

Securities laws and regulators such as the SEC and FCA

EU Market Abuse Regulation

Company law on share capital

Failure modes and hazards

Giving investment advice

Share and boiler-room scams

Stale market information

Also called

bonus sharecommon stockcum dividendgolden sharecontrolling interestproperty stocksex dividendno-par stockZwischenscheinB shareregistered sharebearer instrumentsupervoting stockpreferred stockminority interest

Where this came from

wikidata · CC0 1.0

Also registered as vr.tr.share

Drafted structure

Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.

Understand What a share is.

Definition.

Definition

Definition.

Definition

Definition.

  1. What is a share, and how does it differ from bonds, derivatives, fund units and crypto tokens? definition
  2. Is someone being pressured to buy shares by an unsolicited caller, which may be a scam to report to the financial regulator, or seeking personal advice, which needs a regulated adviser? boundary

Terms

Named terms.

Terms

Terms.

  1. What do bonus share, common stock, cum dividend, golden share, controlling interest and property stocks mean? definition
  2. Which entry fits the specific term? action
Rights Shareholder rights.

Regulation.

Dividends

Dividends.

Dividends

Dividends.

  1. How are dividends declared, and what do ex-dividend and cum dividend mean? provenance
  2. Which references are standard? provenance

Voting

Voting and control.

Voting

Voting.

  1. How do voting rights, dual-class structures and controlling interests work? provenance
  2. Which sources are cited? provenance
Markets Trading and regulation.

Regulation.

Exchanges

Stock exchanges.

Exchanges

Exchanges.

  1. How are shares listed and traded, in general terms? provenance
  2. Which entry fits stock exchange? action

Scams

Investment scams.

Scams

Scams.

  1. What do regulators warn about boiler rooms and pump-and-dump schemes? provenance
  2. Which entry fits pump and dump? action
Context Policy.

Attribution.

Golden shares

Golden shares.

Golden shares

Golden shares.

  1. Why have governments used golden shares, and how has EU law treated them, with positions attributed? provenance
  2. Is the presentation neutral and attributed? boundary

History

History.

History

History.

  1. How did joint-stock companies develop? provenance
  2. Which entry fits joint-stock company? action

What the second pass must settle

  • Should property stocks be moved to real estate investment entries?
  • How should regulator education resources be linked?
  • Should golden share be a separate entry?