hypercalcemia
Let an agent explain hypercalcaemia, relay causes, symptoms, assessment and general management from endocrinology sources, describe the conditions the registry aliases name, and distinguish hypercalcaemia from hypocalcaemia, osteoporosis and calcium intake, routing severe symptoms urgently.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent explain hypercalcaemia, relay causes, symptoms, assessment and general management from endocrinology sources, describe the conditions the registry aliases name, and distinguish hypercalcaemia from hypocalcaemia, osteoporosis and calcium intake, routing severe symptoms urgently.
An abnormally high level of calcium in the blood, most often caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or cancer, including tumour-induced hypercalcaemia, with other causes such as tertiary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease, vitamin D excess, medications and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia types 1, 2 and 3, a usually benign inherited condition; symptoms range from none to thirst, confusion, kidney stones and heart rhythm problems. Severe symptoms need urgent care. The model routes people to clinicians.
What it is for: Not applicable; a metabolic abnormality.
It can be route severe symptoms first; explain causes; relay assessment and management; distinguish related conditions.
Distinguishing features
High calcium
Often found on tests
Parathyroid or cancer causes
Benign familial form
What it looks like
Not a visible object; a blood test finding.
Physical character
normal total calcium: about 2.2-2.6 mmol/L - varies by lab
main causes: primary hyperparathyroidism and cancer note - about 90 percent
FHH genes: CASR, GNA11, AP2S1 list - types 1 to 3
How it is recognised
High blood calcium
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia 1 to 3, tumour-induced hypercalcaemia
Hypocalcaemia is low calcium; osteoporosis is bone loss; dietary calcium is intake
Related models
is a kind of - in registry terms
is often caused by -
is contrasted with -
includes -
In practice
Families and kinds
primary hyperparathyroidism
secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism
malignancy-associated hypercalcaemia
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia types 1 to 3
vitamin D and drug-related hypercalcaemia
Identifiers
ICD-10 E83.52 hypercalcemia
MeSH D006934 Hypercalcemia
Standards and regulation
Endocrinology guidelines on hyperparathyroidism
Oncology guidelines on hypercalcaemia of malignancy
Failure modes and hazards
Missing severe hypercalcaemia
Agents giving personal medical advice
Unnecessary surgery in FHH
Also called
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Also registered as vr.tr.hypercalcemia
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Understand What hypercalcaemia is.
Clinical.
Definition
Definition.
Definition
Definition.
- What is hypercalcaemia, and how does it differ from hypocalcaemia, osteoporosis and calcium intake? definition
- Does the user have confusion, severe weakness, vomiting or heart rhythm problems, which need urgent care? boundary
Causes
Causes.
Causes
Causes.
- What are tertiary hyperparathyroidism, FHH types 1 to 3 and tumour-induced hypercalcaemia? definition
- Which entry fits the specific cause? action
Science Physiology.
Science.
Regulation
Calcium regulation.
Regulation
Regulation.
- How do parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and the calcium-sensing receptor regulate calcium? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Genetics
Genetics.
Genetics
Genetics.
- Which genes cause FHH types 1 to 3? provenance
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Care Assessment and management.
Clinical.
Assessment
Assessment.
Assessment
Assessment.
- How is hypercalcaemia investigated, in general terms? provenance
- Which entry fits parathyroid hormone test? action
Management
Management.
Management
Management.
- What general management approaches do guidelines describe? provenance
- Which entry fits parathyroidectomy? action
Context Cancer and kidneys.
Context.
Cancer
Malignancy.
Cancer
Cancer.
- How does cancer cause hypercalcaemia, in general terms? provenance
- Which entry fits hypercalcemia of malignancy? action
Kidney
Kidney disease.
Kidney
Kidney.
- How does chronic kidney disease lead to tertiary hyperparathyroidism? provenance
- Which entry fits chronic kidney disease? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia be a separate primary entry?
- How should endocrinology sources be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming genetic subtypes; should they be grouped?