satyagraha

Attributed definition

Record the selected definition, its source and differences from alternative formulations.

1. Who defines satyagraha here, in which text or practice, and at what date? provenance
2. Which commitments does that definition make necessary, and which does it leave optional? definition

Classification evidence

Specify evidence needed to classify an action beyond its name or outward tactic.

1. What distinguishes this instance from strategic nonviolent resistance, passive resistance or civil disobedience under the selected definition? boundary
2. How should the agent represent disagreement between participants' self-description and external assessments? action

Contestable grievance

Record the alleged wrong, affected people, counterclaims and proposed remedy.

1. What specific conduct or arrangement is alleged to be wrong, and what evidence supports or challenges that claim? provenance
2. What remedy is requested, and how do those affected understand its adequacy? definition

Revisable conviction

Record procedures for hearing objections, acknowledging error and revising demands.

1. What evidence or argument would participants accept as grounds to revise their account of the wrong? boundary
2. How can an opponent's correction be considered and publicly acknowledged during the action? action

Nonviolence in conduct

Record operational boundaries for injury, threats, humiliation and retaliation.

1. How does the selected interpretation assess hostile speech, property damage and indirect harm? boundary
2. What observed conduct supports or contradicts the stated commitment, and whose conduct is attributable to the instance? measurement

Sacrifice and pressure

Examine consent, unequal exposure and disputed boundaries between moral appeal and coercion.

1. Who chooses the sacrifice, who actually bears its costs, and can participants decline or withdraw? measurement
2. When do fasting or other forms of self-suffering become coercive under the interpretations being compared? boundary

Readiness for restraint

Identify how an instance prepares participants to sustain its commitments under provocation.

1. Which vows, training or practices are required here, and who established those requirements? provenance
2. How are breaches addressed while preserving participants' ability to dissent or withdraw? action

Justified action selection

Record reasons for choosing dialogue, noncooperation, disobedience or constructive activity without assuming a fixed escalation ladder.

1. Why is the proposed means appropriate to this grievance under the selected interpretation? action
2. What conditions justify beginning, changing or suspending it, and who has authority to decide? action

Appeal and leverage

Record competing explanations involving persuasion, public response, disrupted cooperation and institutional pressure.

1. Whose understanding or behaviour is expected to change, and through what stated mechanism? definition
2. What evidence would distinguish a change of conviction from tactical accommodation or unrelated developments? measurement

Multidimensional outcome

Record practical results and ethical assessments without collapsing them into a single success score.

1. Which demands were met, which burdens persisted, and how do participants, opponents and affected nonparticipants assess the result? measurement
2. What unresolved wrongs or breaches of commitment require renewed inquiry, repair or continued suspension? action

Check these first

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

• This account is recalled knowledge, not a review of sources.
• Researchers should distinguish Gandhi's formulations from later uses of the term for nonviolent protest generally.
• Whether particular methods, especially fasting, satisfy satyagraha's rejection of coercion is contested; no formal taxonomy or standardized quantitative measure is asserted here.

1. Which of these check these first hold for the sense of satyagraha this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Real-world use

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

• Gandhi-led resistance to discriminatory laws affecting Indians in South Africa.
• The Champaran campaign concerning the treatment of indigo cultivators.
• The Kheda campaign for suspension of land revenue collection during agricultural hardship.
• The Salt Satyagraha challenging British colonial salt laws in India.
• Training participants in disciplined nonviolent resistance and negotiation.

1. Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of satyagraha this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Failure modes and hazards

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

• Participants may face imprisonment, physical injury, loss of livelihood, or lethal repression.
• Violence by participants can undermine the discipline and ethical basis of a campaign.
• Treating satyagraha solely as a pressure tactic can obscure its commitments to truthfulness and regard for opponents.
• Fasting can cause serious bodily harm and raises disputed questions about coercion.
• Appeals to conscience may fail to change opponents' conduct or secure institutional reform.

1. Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of satyagraha this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Regional variation

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

• In South Africa, Gandhi developed the practice through struggles against discrimination affecting Indian communities.
• In India, satyagraha became associated with agrarian campaigns and mass resistance to colonial rule.
• International adaptations often overlap with broader nonviolent resistance traditions while differing in their acceptance of Gandhi's ethical and spiritual commitments.

1. Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of satyagraha this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart

Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.

• nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance can be adopted for strategic reasons alone; satyagraha additionally entails ethical commitments to truth, non-injury, and voluntary suffering.
• civil disobedience - Civil disobedience involves deliberate breach of law; satyagraha can include lawful action and does not require lawbreaking.
• passive resistance - Gandhi distinguished satyagraha as active, principled resistance from resistance understood merely as a expedient available to those lacking physical power.
• ahimsa - Ahimsa is the broader principle of non-injury; satyagraha applies nonviolence together with truth-seeking to resistance and conflict.
• non-cooperation - Non-cooperation withdraws participation or support; it is one possible method within satyagraha and can also occur outside that ethical framework.
• pacifism - Pacifism concerns opposition to war or violence; satyagraha specifies a practice of actively confronting injustice.

1. Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of satyagraha this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance