Nordic combined
Enable an agent to recognise Nordic combined, interpret its linked ski-jumping and cross-country performances, and determine whether a competition can proceed or its result can be accepted.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read
Researched by: Codex
Purpose and description
Enable an agent to recognise Nordic combined, interpret its linked ski-jumping and cross-country performances, and determine whether a competition can proceed or its result can be accepted.
Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in both ski jumping and cross-country skiing, with results from the two disciplines combined to determine an overall placing.
It can be Identify whether an activity qualifies as Nordic combined and distinguish it from neighbouring sports.; Select the relevant interpretation of component order and scoring from the event's documented format.; Calculate or audit start gaps and combined rankings using verified rule parameters.; Trace a result back to accepted jump records, skiing times and official decisions.; Flag missing prerequisites, incompatible component records or unresolved result disputes.; Compare an entrant's jumping and skiing contributions while preserving differences between formats..
Distinguishing features
A contest must link ski jumping and cross-country skiing through a shared result; merely offering both sports at one festival is insufficient.
Shooting performance does not constitute a component, distinguishing Nordic combined from biathlon.
Downhill and slalom performances do not constitute its paired disciplines, distinguishing it from alpine combined.
An athlete or entered team must have an accountable participation relationship across the two components, rather than combining unrelated competitors' results.
The model must identify the actual combination procedure; a jumping-first pursuit cannot be assumed for every format.
Scope
+ The coupling of ski jumping and cross-country skiing into one sporting contest
+ Competition format, participant category and applicable rule edition
+ Jump performance, cross-country performance and their combination
+ Individual and team participation across both disciplines
+ Readiness, interruptions and validity of the combined result
- Standalone ski-jumping competitions and their complete technical model
- Standalone cross-country skiing competitions and their complete technical model
- Biathlon, which combines skiing with shooting
- Alpine combined and its downhill skiing disciplines
- Athlete biographies, medical records and general training programmes
- Venue construction, equipment manufacture and federation administration
Characteristics
- Competition format
- Gundersen, Individual Compact, Mass Start, or another explicitly documented format Determines component order, performance conversion and how the winner is established.
- Applicable rules
- Governing authority, rule document, edition, effective date and event amendments Prevents applying one season's scoring or eligibility requirements to another.
- Entry configuration
- Individual or team, with category and roster requirements Identifies whose component performances may contribute to the combined result.
- Jumping hill specification
- Hill size and construction point in metres, plus declared hill category Provides the context needed to interpret jump distances and applicable scoring.
- Jump performance
- Distance in metres; judged, compensation and total scores in points where applicable Separates observed performance from the adjustments producing the accepted jumping score.
- Cross-country course and performance
- Course distance in kilometres; elapsed time and splits in seconds; finish order Supports interpretation of skiing performance without confusing elapsed time with pursuit finish position.
- Component conversion
- Documented points-to-time, placing-to-start-gap or time-to-points procedure, including rounding Explains how one discipline changes the competitive position in the other.
- Competition status
- Scheduled, ready, underway, interrupted, completed, cancelled Determines which operational actions remain available.
- Result standing
- Pending, provisional, official, disputed, revised Distinguishes a calculated ranking from an authorised result.
Also called
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 6 bundles · 11 layers · 19 findings · 29 questions.
Discipline identity Establishes the paired activity and the boundaries of a Nordic combined instance.
The sport is defined by the relationship between two disciplines, not by either component alone.
Paired activity
Identifies the constituent disciplines and their shared competitive purpose.
Jumping and skiing coupling
Nordic combined brings together ski jumping and cross-country skiing. The model should record how they contribute to one result. [FIS format overview](https://www.fis-ski.com/nordic-combined/news/2025-26/nordic-combined-101-individual-competition-formats)
- Which jumping and cross-country performances constitute this combined contest? definition
- What rule makes these performances parts of one result rather than separate events? boundary
Instance boundaries
Separates the discipline, a particular competition and activities preparing for it.
Competition or practice
Record whether the subject is a complete contest, a component round or Nordic combined practice, without attributing a combined result to an isolated exercise.
- Is this a complete Nordic combined contest, a component session or training for the discipline? category
- If only one component is observed, what evidence connects it to Nordic combined? provenance
Format and entry Identifies the rules governing the contest and the entrants who may participate.
Component order, entry structure and scoring must be resolved before performances can be interpreted.
Format authority
Anchors the selected format to an applicable rule edition.
Declared combination format
FIS distinguishes Gundersen, Individual Compact and Mass Start individual formats; record the declared format and obtain its actual parameters rather than assuming a universal procedure. [FIS format overview](https://www.fis-ski.com/nordic-combined/news/2025-26/nordic-combined-101-individual-competition-formats)
- Which authoritative rule edition and event notice define the format? provenance
- What component order and combination procedure does that format require? definition
Entrant continuity
Tracks individual or team identity across both components.
Eligible linked entry
Record category eligibility, roster and component assignments so that only performances belonging to an authorised entry are combined.
- Which athlete or team owns each contributing jumping and skiing performance? provenance
- What category, roster or substitution requirements must be checked before accepting the entry? action
Component performance Captures the evidence needed to interpret each discipline before combining results.
A combined ranking must remain explainable through its distinct jumping and skiing contributions.
Jump evidence
Records the accepted jump performance and its scoring context.
Accepted jumping score
Preserve hill specifications, counted jumps, measured distances and all applicable scoring contributions alongside the accepted total.
- Which jump records count, and what distances and scoring contributions produced their totals? measurement
- Which official record establishes that these jumps are valid for the combined result? provenance
Skiing evidence
Records the course obligation and the entrant's completion of it.
Accepted cross-country performance
Preserve required distance, laps or relay legs, actual start information, elapsed time and finish order as distinct observations.
- What distance and laps or legs were required, and what evidence establishes completion? measurement
- How do actual start time, elapsed skiing time and finish order relate for this entrant? measurement
Combined result Explains how component performances become competitive positions and a final classification.
The defining decision logic lies in combining unlike performances under a specific format.
Performance conversion
Makes the conversion between component performance and competitive advantage explicit.
Conversion parameters
Record the applicable formula or lookup table, its direction, reference performance, rounding and any limits before calculating gaps or points.
- Which rule maps points, placing or elapsed time into the next component's advantage or the combined score? definition
- Can the published gaps or combined points be reproduced from the accepted inputs and rounding rules? measurement
Classification authority
Distinguishes computed order from the classification accepted by officials.
Authorised ranking
Retain the format-specific winner criterion, tie treatment, penalties and non-completion decisions together with result approval status.
- Does this format establish ranking through finish order, combined points or another documented criterion? definition
- Which unresolved penalty, tie or protest prevents the calculated ranking from being treated as official? action
Operational validity Tracks whether the paired contest can proceed and whether disruptions preserve a valid combined result.
A usable skiing result alone cannot resolve the absence or invalidity of the required jumping component.
Paired venue readiness
Checks readiness across the jumping hill and cross-country course.
Component release
Record official readiness decisions, relevant conditions and entrant equipment clearance separately for each component.
- What evidence confirms that both the hill and skiing course are authorised for their scheduled components? provenance
- Which outstanding condition or equipment decision blocks an entrant or component from starting? action
Disruption resolution
Preserves the reasoning behind interrupted, replaced or cancelled components.
Validity after disruption
Treat any replacement jump record, restart or revised programme as requiring an applicable rule and an authorised decision; do not invent the missing component.
- What rule and official decision authorise any substitute jumping result or revised component? provenance
- Should the combined result remain pending, be recalculated or be withheld after the disruption? action
Evidence and external alignment What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.
A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.
Reported evidence
Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.
Check these first
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- This is a recall-based description; no sources were consulted.
- Check the applicable season's FIS rules for event formats, race distances, scoring conversions and equipment requirements.
- Check current championship and Olympic programmes for category eligibility and which formats are contested.
- Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Kinds and varieties
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Individual Gundersen
- Individual compact
- Mass start
- Team competition
- Team sprint
- Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Identifiers and schemes
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- FIS discipline abbreviation - NK - Used by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation for Nordic combined.
- Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Standards and regulation
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- International Competition Rules for Nordic Combined, issued by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS).
- Specifications for Competition Equipment, issued by FIS.
- Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Real-world use
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- International competition through the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup and Nordic World Ski Championships.
- Winter Olympic competition.
- National, club and junior competition.
- Summer competition using artificial ski-jumping surfaces and roller skiing.
- Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Typical measurements
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Ski-jump distance - Varies with the hill; normal-hill and large-hill competitions use different scales. - m
- Jumping score - Calculated from distance, judges' style marks and applicable wind and gate compensation. - points
- Cross-country race distance - Common individual distances include 5, 7.5 and 10; the prescribed distance depends on the event format and category. - km
- Cross-country elapsed time and start deficit - Event-dependent; Gundersen formats convert jumping-score differences into cross-country start-time differences. - s
- Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Failure modes and hazards
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Loss of balance during ski-jump takeoff, flight or landing can cause serious injury.
- Wind variability can affect jump safety and competitive fairness.
- Falls and collisions can occur on cross-country descents and in closely grouped racing.
- Cold exposure and sustained exertion can impair performance and athlete safety.
- Equipment noncompliance or technique infringements can lead to penalties or disqualification.
- Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Regional variation
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- The sport has strong historical roots in Norway and established competitive traditions across northern and central Europe.
- Japan has an established Nordic combined tradition outside Europe.
- Participation depends partly on access to ski-jumping hills, cross-country trails and suitable training facilities.
- Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Ski jumping - Ski jumping determines results from jumps alone; Nordic combined also requires a cross-country skiing component.
- Cross-country skiing - Standalone cross-country events determine results from skiing races without a ski-jumping score.
- Biathlon - Biathlon combines cross-country skiing with rifle shooting rather than ski jumping.
- Alpine combined - Alpine combined combines alpine downhill-racing disciplines rather than ski jumping and cross-country skiing.
- Nordic skiing - Nordic skiing is the broader family of skiing disciplines; Nordic combined is a specific competitive sport within it.
- Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Nordic combined this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
What the second pass must settle
- Which rule editions and competition levels must the first implementation support, including their conversion tables, distances and tie procedures?
- Which team formats are required, and how do their roster, component assignment and substitution rules differ?
- How should summer competitions using roller skis and non-snow jumping surfaces be represented within this registry entry?
- Under what exact conditions may a provisional or replacement jumping round supply the counted result?
- Does an existing Vercy world model already cover Nordic combined, requiring this registry entry to link to that model?