Lombard
Let an agent explain the Lombard language and its dialects, relay classification, status and speakers from linguistic sources, describe its literature and vitality, and distinguish Lombard from Italian and from the Germanic Lombards.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent explain the Lombard language and its dialects, relay classification, status and speakers from linguistic sources, describe its literature and vitality, and distinguish Lombard from Italian and from the Germanic Lombards.
A Gallo-Italic Romance language spoken in Lombardy and neighbouring areas of northern Italy and in Ticino and parts of Graubunden in Switzerland by about 3.5 million people, divided into Western Lombard including Milanese and Ticinese, Eastern Lombard including Bresciano and Bergamasque, Alpine Lombard and southern varieties such as Cremonese, with no single standard, a literary tradition in Milanese, and recognition as a minority language in Switzerland but not in Italy; Lombard is classified by UNESCO as definitely endangered.
What it is for: Not applicable; a language.
It can be explain the language and dialects; relay classification and status; relay literature and vitality; distinguish from Italian and the Lombards.
Distinguishing features
Gallo-Italic classification
No unified standard
Cross-border with Switzerland
Endangered status
What it looks like
Not a visible object; written in the Latin alphabet in various orthographies.
Physical character
speakers: about 3.5 million - estimates
UNESCO status: definitely endangered category
main dialect groups: 2-4 count - by classification
How it is recognised
Gallo-Italic language of Lombardy and Ticino
Western, Eastern and Alpine Lombard; Bresciano, Cremonese, Milanese, Bergamasque
Italian is the national language; the Lombards were a Germanic people; Lombard Street is unrelated
Related models
is a kind of - in registry terms
is a kind of - in registry terms
is spoken in - and Ticino
is contrasted with - the national standard
In practice
Families and kinds
Western Lombard including Milanese, Ticinese and Comasco
Eastern Lombard including Bresciano and Bergamasque
Alpine Lombard varieties
southern and transitional varieties such as Cremonese
Lombard literary tradition in Milanese
Identifiers
ISO 639-3 lmo
Glottolog lomb1257
Standards and regulation
Swiss recognition of Lombard as a minority language
Lombardy regional law on linguistic heritage of 2016
No recognition under Italian law 482/1999
UNESCO Atlas of endangered languages
Failure modes and hazards
Treating Lombard as an Italian dialect without noting linguistic classification
Confusing with the Germanic Lombards
Stale speaker estimates
Also called
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Understand What Lombard is.
Linguistics.
Definition
Definition and classification.
Definition
Definition.
- What is Lombard, and how is it classified as a Gallo-Italic language rather than an Italian dialect, with positions attributed? definition
- Is the question about the language, a dialect, Italian or the Germanic Lombards? boundary
Dialects
Dialects.
Dialects
Dialects.
- How do Western, Eastern and Alpine Lombard, Bresciano and Cremonese differ? definition
- Which entry fits the specific dialect? action
Structure Grammar and writing.
Linguistics.
Grammar
Grammar.
Grammar
Grammar.
- What are the main features of Lombard phonology and grammar? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Writing
Orthographies.
Writing
Writing.
- What orthographies are used, from classical Milanese to modern proposals? provenance
- Which entry fits Lombard orthography? action
Status Status and vitality.
Regulation.
Status
Legal status.
Status
Status.
- What status does Lombard hold in Italy and Switzerland? provenance
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Vitality
Vitality.
Vitality
Vitality.
- How endangered is Lombard, and what revitalisation efforts exist? provenance
- Which entry fits language revitalisation? action
Context History and literature.
Context.
History
History.
History
History.
- How did Lombard develop from Latin, and how did Italian displace it? provenance
- Which entry fits the history of the languages of Italy? action
Literature
Literature.
Literature
Literature.
- What are the major works of Lombard literature, from Bonvesin to Porta and modern song? provenance
- Which entry fits Lombard literature? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should Western and Eastern Lombard be separate primary entries?
- How should linguistic references be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming dialects; should they be split off?