cocaine

Cocaine identification

Record the cocaine identity conclusion, supporting report and unresolved alternatives.

1. Is cocaine reported, presumptively indicated, analytically confirmed or not detected within specified limits? definition
2. Which examination supports that conclusion, and which similar substances or related compounds can it distinguish? measurement
3. Can the report be traced to this particular material and sampling event? provenance

Form resolution

Record the evidenced cocaine form and the material in which it occurs.

1. Is the cocaine present as base, hydrochloride, another evidenced salt or an unresolved form? definition
2. Does a label such as crack or powder describe an observed presentation, an analytical conclusion or only a reported name? provenance
3. Is the model instance the cocaine constituent, a cocaine-bearing mixture or a residue linked to another object? boundary

Quantified cocaine content

Record content with units, chemical basis, uncertainty and the material quantity to which it applies.

1. What cocaine content was measured, using which method and with what uncertainty or reporting limits? measurement
2. Is the result expressed as cocaine base equivalent, a specified salt or another explicitly defined basis? definition
3. Does the quantity refer to the tested portion, the whole mixture or an estimated lot total? boundary

Mixture knowledge

Distinguish identified co-constituents from untested possibilities and document the limits of sample coverage.

1. Which other constituents were detected, which were tested but not detected, and which were outside the analytical panel? measurement
2. What sampling evidence supports applying this cocaine assay and co-constituent profile to the rest of the lot? provenance
3. Are proposed roles such as adulterant, excipient or process impurity evidenced or merely inferred? definition

Assay continuity

Record changes and evidence gaps that could invalidate reliance on an earlier cocaine result.

1. What storage, opening, mixing or contamination events have occurred since the cocaine assay? provenance
2. Is there evidence of composition change, degradation or sample substitution requiring reassessment? measurement

Quality claim support

Keep analytical identity, reference-material certification and medicinal-product release as separate conclusions.

1. Is the material claimed to be an analytical reference, a medicinal preparation or another category, and what documentation supports that claim? provenance
2. Which cocaine-specific assay or impurity criteria apply to the stated purpose, and have they been assessed? measurement
3. What unmet quality requirement prevents the proposed use or requires further review? action

Exposure context

Record material form, containment and composition uncertainties relevant to a potential or reported exposure.

1. What contact or release is plausible or reported for this powder, solution or residue, and what evidence supports that assessment? boundary
2. Which handling instructions apply to the identified cocaine form or containing product, and what composition uncertainty remains? provenance
3. Does the situation require containment, specialist assessment or a handoff to an emergency-response model? action

Medicinal-product handoff

Record whether a medicinal claim is supported and link decisions about administration to the relevant product and clinical models.

1. Does the proposed use refer to an identifiable authorised cocaine medicinal product with a current applicable label? provenance
2. Which product restrictions must be passed to the clinical decision-maker before any administration decision? action
3. Which patient-specific questions remain owned by a clinical model rather than this cocaine material model? boundary

Authorised cocaine action

Record the basis and limits of permission for possession, analysis, transfer, medicinal use or disposal.

1. Which jurisdiction, date and legal material classification apply to the proposed cocaine-related action? boundary
2. What authoritative rule and actor-specific licence or exemption support permission, and what conditions remain unmet? provenance
3. Is the action supported, prohibited or unresolved on the available evidence? action

Cocaine material reconciliation

Track accountable material quantities without confusing gross mixture mass with measured cocaine content.

1. Which custody and subdivision records connect the current material to its cocaine identification and assay? provenance
2. Do receipts, retained portions, analytical consumption, transfers and disposal reconcile on an explicitly stated quantity basis? measurement
3. What evidence is required to close an authorised transfer or disposal and resolve any discrepancy? action

Kinds and varieties

Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.

• Cocaine hydrochloride (powder cocaine)
• Cocaine freebase
• Crack cocaine (smokable bicarbonate-prepared base)
• Coca paste / pasta básica de cocaína (including basuco and paco)
• Pharmaceutical cocaine hydrochloride topical solution
• Cocaine sulfate (illicit intermediate / historical salt)

1. Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of cocaine this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Identifiers and schemes

Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.

• Wikidata - Q41576 - Item for the chemical substance cocaine
• CAS Registry Number - 50-36-2 - Cocaine free base (benzoylmethylecgonine)
• CAS Registry Number - 53-21-4 - Cocaine hydrochloride
• PubChem CID - 446220 - NCBI compound record
• InChIKey - ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N - Stereospecific key for natural (−)-cocaine
• ATC - N01BC01 - Local anaesthetic; other ATC placements include R02AD03, S01HA01, S02DA02
• DrugBank - DB00907 - Drug record for pharmaceutical cocaine
• DEA controlled-substance code - 9041 - Cocaine; coca leaves are coded separately (9042)

1. Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of cocaine this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Standards and regulation

Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.

• United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (INCB): cocaine in Schedule I and historically also Schedule IV; coca leaf scheduled with limited traditional-use reservations by Andean states
• United States Controlled Substances Act, Schedule II, DEA (accepted medical use with high abuse potential)
• FDA-approved cocaine hydrochloride topical solutions (e.g. Goprelto, Numbrino) for specified ENT indications
• WHO INN 'cocaine' and ECDD review under the international drug-control treaties
• UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Class A; comparable Class A / Schedule 1-2 listings in other national narcotic laws
• EU and national narcotic and precursor controls implementing the 1961 Convention

1. Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of cocaine this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Real-world use

Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.

• Licensed topical local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor on mucous membranes in otolaryngology (typically 4% or 10% cocaine hydrochloride solution)
• Illicit stimulant as insufflated or injected cocaine hydrochloride powder
• Illicit smoked stimulant as crack or freebase, and as smoked coca paste in parts of South America
• Forensic toxicology, workplace and roadside drug testing, targeting the metabolite benzoylecgonine more often than parent cocaine
• Traditional Andean chewing or infusion of coca leaf is a related but legally and chemically distinct practice, not use of isolated cocaine

1. Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of cocaine this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Typical measurements

Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.

• Molar mass (free base) - 303.353 - g/mol
• Melting point (free base) - about 98 - °C
• Melting point (hydrochloride) - about 195 - °C
• Pharmaceutical topical concentration - 4 or 10 - % w/v cocaine HCl
• Illicit powder purity (as sold) - highly variable, often tens of percent to >80 depending on market - % cocaine HCl by mass
• Workplace urine immunoassay cutoff (benzoylecgonine) - 150 (SAMHSA federal cutoff) - ng/mL
• Plasma elimination half-life (parent cocaine) - about 0.7-1.5 - h

1. Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of cocaine this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Failure modes and hazards

Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.

• Acute toxicity: hypertension, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, stroke, seizure, hyperthermia, and sudden death
• Cocaine use disorder, binge use, and severe psychological dependence
• Chronic cardiovascular injury and vasoconstrictive ischaemia (including nasal septal perforation after repeated insufflation)
• Pulmonary injury from smoked crack or coca paste
• Adulteration of illicit product, notably with levamisole (agranulocytosis, vasculitis) or synthetic opioids (unintended opioid overdose)
• Obstetric harm including placental abruption and fetal exposure
• Psychiatric acute effects: agitation, paranoia, and stimulant psychosis

1. Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of cocaine this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Regional variation

Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.

• Andean states (Bolivia, Peru, Colombia): coca leaf may be lawful or tolerated for traditional chewing and tea, while isolated cocaine remains prohibited
• Southern Cone and parts of the Andes: cheap smoked coca paste is named paco, basuco, or pasta base and treated as a distinct street product from powder cocaine
• United States: powder versus crack was historically sentenced at a 100:1, later 18:1, quantity ratio; the chemical distinction is salt versus base, the legal distinction is statutory
• Western Europe: retail cocaine is usually powder hydrochloride, with reported purity often higher than in many source-adjacent consumer markets
• Common names vary (coke, charlie, nieve, piedra, crack, rock) and should not be treated as separate substances without a chemical form

1. Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of cocaine this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance

Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart

Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.

• Coca leaf - Intact leaf and crude leaf products contain on the order of 0.5-1% mixed tropane alkaloids; identity is botanical plus alkaloid assay, not the isolated crystalline drug
• Crack or freebase versus cocaine hydrochloride - The salt is water-soluble and typically insufflated or injected; the base is poorly water-soluble and volatilises on heating. Solubility in water and melting/volatilisation behaviour separate the forms
• Lidocaine, benzocaine, and other local-anaesthetic adulterants or lookalikes - May mimic numbing and some color tests (including Scott/cobalt thiocyanate false positives); GC-MS, LC-MS, or FTIR identifies the actual local anaesthetic
• Benzoylecgonine - Principal inactive metabolite used in urine testing; parent/metabolite ratios on LC-MS distinguish recent cocaine from residual metabolite
• Levamisole-adulterated cocaine - Levamisole is an added veterinary anthelmintic, not a cocaine analogue; detected by chromatographic methods and implicated by agranulocytosis rather than by cocaine pharmacology
• Methamphetamine and synthetic cathinones sold as cocaine - Different scaffolds and stimulant profiles; separated by GC-MS/LC-MS and by standard presumptive-test panels that do not treat a positive stimulant screen as cocaine-specific

1. Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of cocaine this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance