Punjabi
Let an agent explain the Punjabi language and its dialects and scripts, relay phonology, grammar and history from linguistic sources with attribution, describe its status in Pakistan and India and the diaspora, and distinguish Punjabi from Hindi, Urdu and neighbouring languages and from the Punjabi people.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent explain the Punjabi language and its dialects and scripts, relay phonology, grammar and history from linguistic sources with attribution, describe its status in Pakistan and India and the diaspora, and distinguish Punjabi from Hindi, Urdu and neighbouring languages and from the Punjabi people.
An Indo-Aryan language of the Punjab region spoken by over 100 million people in Pakistan and India and by a large diaspora, written in the Shahmukhi script in Pakistan and the Gurmukhi script in India, with dialects including Majhi, the basis of the standard, the western Lahnda or Lehndi varieties, Baar di boli and others, a history from Old Punjabi through the Sikh scriptures to modern literature, and a tonal system unusual among Indo-Aryan languages; Punjabi is an official language of Indian Punjab and, though the most spoken language in Pakistan, has limited official status there.
What it is for: Not applicable; a language.
It can be explain dialects and scripts; relay features and history; describe status; distinguish from related languages.
Distinguishing features
Tonal Indo-Aryan
Two scripts
Cross-border language
Rich literary tradition
What it looks like
Not a visible object; speech and text in Shahmukhi or Gurmukhi.
Physical character
speakers: over 100 million - estimates
tones: 3 count - in most analyses
scripts: Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi list
official in Indian Punjab: yes note - scheduled language of India
How it is recognised
Indo-Aryan language of the Punjab
Majhi standard, Lehndi varieties, Baar di boli, Old Punjabi, Punjabi in India
Hindi and Urdu are related but distinct; Saraiki is often treated as separate; the Punjabi people are the ethnic group
Related models
is a kind of - in registry terms
belongs to - northwestern group
is written in - in India
is written in - in Pakistan
In practice
Families and kinds
Majhi and other eastern dialects
Lehndi or western varieties
Baar di boli and regional dialects
Old Punjabi and pre-Punjabi stages
Punjabi in India and Punjabi in Pakistan
diaspora Punjabi
Identifiers
ISO 639-1 pa Punjabi
ISO 639-3 pan Punjabi
Glottolog panj1256 Eastern Panjabi
Standards and regulation
Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution
Provincial language policy in Pakistani Punjab, which is debated
ISO 639 codes
Failure modes and hazards
Confusing Punjabi with Hindi or Urdu
Political framing of script and dialect status
Conflating the language with the people
Also called
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Understand What Punjabi is.
Attribution.
Definition
Definition and classification.
Definition
Definition.
- What is Punjabi, how is it classified, and how does it differ from Hindi, Urdu and Saraiki? definition
- Is the question about the language, a dialect, a script, the people or a policy dispute? boundary
Dialects
Dialects.
Dialects
Dialects.
- How do Majhi, Lehndi varieties, Baar di boli and other dialects differ, and what is the standard based on? definition
- Which entry fits the specific dialect? action
Learn Features and learning.
Practice.
Features
Phonology and grammar.
Features
Features.
- What are the tones, sounds and grammar of Punjabi? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Resources
Learning resources.
Resources
Resources.
- What dictionaries, courses and corpora exist for Punjabi in both scripts? provenance
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Scripts Scripts and literature.
Attribution.
Scripts
Scripts.
Scripts
Scripts.
- How do Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi work, and how did the script divide arise, as historians describe? provenance
- Which entry fits Gurmukhi? action
Literature
Literature.
Literature
Literature.
- What are the Sufi, Sikh and modern literary traditions of Punjabi, from Old Punjabi onward? provenance
- Which entry fits Punjabi literature? action
Context Status and diaspora.
Context.
Status
Status.
Status
Status.
- What is the status of Punjabi in India and Pakistan, and what debates surround it, with positions attributed? provenance
- Is the presentation neutral? boundary
Diaspora
Diaspora.
Diaspora
Diaspora.
- How is Punjabi maintained in the diaspora in the UK, Canada and elsewhere? provenance
- Which entry fits Punjabi diaspora? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi and Lahnda be separate primary entries?
- How should linguistic sources be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming dialects and stages; should they be split off?