Jumada I
Enable an AI agent to recognise Jumada I, resolve a year-specific occurrence under an explicit Islamic calendar convention, and judge whether its dates are reliable enough for the intended action.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
Researched by: Codex + Grok
Purpose and description
Enable an AI agent to recognise Jumada I, resolve a year-specific occurrence under an explicit Islamic calendar convention, and judge whether its dates are reliable enough for the intended action.
Jumada I (Jumada al-Awwal / Jumada al-Ula) is the fifth month of the Islamic (Hijri) lunar year, a named 29- or 30-day lunation whose start is fixed by the first visibility of the new crescent after Rabi' al-Thani, used as a civil and religious dating unit across Muslim calendars.
It can be Normalise a supported name to Jumada I while preserving the original wording and unresolved ambiguity; Resolve an occurrence using its Hijri year, calendar convention and applicable authority; Validate whether a stated day belongs to that occurrence; Convert a Jumada I date into a qualified civil date or interval; Schedule or revise a month-relative reminder according to boundary certainty; Link dated events while preserving attribution and conflicting date claims.
Distinguishing features
The referent occupies month five of the Islamic lunar calendar, rather than month five of a solar calendar. [Islamic Relief](https://www.islamic-relief.org.uk/resources/islamic-calendar/jumada-al-awwal/)
The sequence places it after Rabi II and before Jumada II; an explicit second-Jumada designation identifies its neighbour. [USNO](https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/islamic)
The name identifies a recurring month; resolving a particular interval additionally requires a Hijri year and calendar convention.
An unqualified reference to 'Jumada' does not establish which of the two Jumada months is intended.
A proposed identification must not depend on a fixed Gregorian month or season because Islamic lunar months move through the solar year. [USNO](https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/islamic)
Scope
+ Recognition of Jumada I across supported names and transliterations
+ Its fifth-month position and distinction from Jumada II
+ Year-specific occurrences qualified by calendar convention and applicable community
+ Evidence, certainty and revision of month boundaries
+ Validation and conversion of dates expressed within Jumada I
+ Conditions for using its dates in schedules and linked event records
- The complete Islamic calendar and its algorithms
- Jumada II and other months as independent concepts
- Astronomical observations and crescent-visibility calculations themselves
- Institutions that announce or adopt calendar dates
- Religious observances, historical events and their substantive interpretation
- General time-zone rules and Gregorian calendar mechanics
Characteristics
- Month position
- Fifth month of the Islamic lunar calendar Provides an identity check independent of spelling.
- Name resolution
- Explicit Jumada I; contextually resolved; ambiguous Jumada; conflicting designation Controls whether an agent may normalise the reference without clarification.
- Hijri year
- An identified AH year, an uncertain year range, or unspecified Separates the recurring month from a particular occurrence.
- Calendar determination basis
- Tabular calculation; published calculated calendar; sighting-based determination; unspecified Makes date claims interpretable and comparable.
- Applicable authority and community
- Named authority, adopting community or jurisdiction, and geographic applicability Identifies whose determination governs the intended use.
- Occurrence boundaries
- Start-inclusive and end-exclusive boundaries with time zone, day-boundary convention and uncertainty Supports date membership and avoids evening-boundary errors.
- Month length
- 29 or 30 calendar days when determined; otherwise unresolved Determines whether day 30 exists in the selected occurrence.
- Boundary determination status
- Unresolved; provisional; established under selected convention; disputed; superseded Distinguishes a usable determination from a forecast or outdated claim.
- Temporal position
- Upcoming; current; elapsed; indeterminate, relative to an evaluation instant Supports scheduling without assigning a temporal state to the timeless month concept.
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 6 bundles · 11 layers · 18 findings · 28 questions.
Jumada I identity Recognise the first Jumada month without collapsing it into its similarly named neighbour.
Misreading the first-versus-second distinction shifts a reference by an entire lunar month.
Names and qualifiers
Record how the source expresses the month and how that wording is interpreted.
First Jumada resolution
Retain the source label, language and evidence that its qualifier denotes Jumada I.
- What establishes that this label denotes Jumada I rather than Jumada II? definition
- If the source says only 'Jumada', what contextual evidence permits resolution? boundary
Calendar position
Check month identity against the Islamic calendar sequence.
Fifth month consistency
Check that the month number and neighbouring month references agree with Jumada I.
- Does the source use the Islamic lunar calendar and assign this month position five? definition
- Do references to preceding Rabi II or following Jumada II support or contradict the identification? boundary
Jumada I occurrence Identify which annual occurrence and calendar interpretation a date claim concerns.
A month name alone cannot identify a civil interval or a currently applicable date.
Year binding
Separate the recurring month from its occurrence in a specified Hijri year.
Occurrence specificity
Record the stated year and preserve uncertainty when it is missing or inferred.
- Is this a reference to Jumada I generally or to Jumada I in a particular AH year? definition
- Which source supplies the year, and is that year explicit or inferred? provenance
Calendar applicability
Bind the occurrence to the convention and community under which its dates are used.
Governing determination
Identify the calendar method, relevant version and applicable authority without assuming worldwide agreement.
- Which calendar method or published determination supplies this occurrence of Jumada I? provenance
- For which community, location and intended use does that determination apply? boundary
Jumada I boundaries Establish entry from Rabi II and exit into Jumada II under the chosen convention.
An agent needs defensible boundaries to determine the current month and validate its final day.
Opening boundary
Resolve when Rabi II ends and Jumada I begins.
Start evidence
Record the proposed or established opening boundary, its supporting evidence and determination status.
- What date or instant begins Jumada I, and what day-boundary convention does it use? measurement
- What calculation, announcement or accepted observation supports that start? provenance
Closing boundary
Determine the transition into Jumada II and the resulting length of Jumada I.
Final day validity
Establish whether day 30 exists for this occurrence. The formal tabular calendar assigns Jumada I 30 days; that rule must remain qualified by its calendar basis. [USNO](https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/islamic)
- Does the selected determination end Jumada I after day 29 or day 30? measurement
- What evidence establishes the start of Jumada II and therefore closes this occurrence? provenance
Jumada I date use Validate day references and produce conversions with enough context to reproduce them.
Correct month recognition does not itself make a numbered date valid or its civil equivalent unambiguous.
Day membership
Assess whether a numbered day or timestamp belongs to the selected occurrence.
Date admissibility
Validate day numbers against the resolved month length and timestamps against the qualified boundaries.
- Is the stated day within the established length of this Jumada I occurrence? measurement
- For a timestamp near sunset or midnight, which recorded boundary determines its month membership? boundary
Civil date mapping
Represent the civil equivalent without discarding calendar or boundary assumptions.
Qualified conversion
Preserve the input date, calendar basis, target calendar and whether the result is a date label or an actual interval.
- Which civil date or interval corresponds to the requested Jumada I day under the selected convention? measurement
- Do missing year, authority or boundary details require alternative results or clarification before conversion? action
Jumada I action readiness Decide how established or provisional month dates may support reminders and linked event claims.
A date forecast can support tentative planning while remaining insufficient for an action requiring an adopted calendar determination.
Schedule commitment
Relate boundary certainty to the intended scheduling action.
Commit or revise
Record whether a Jumada I trigger may be used now and what calendar revision would require reconsideration.
- Does the intended action permit a predicted Jumada I date or require an established determination from the selected authority? action
- If the opening boundary changes, which reminders or dependent dates must be recalculated? action
Dated associations
Link events or observances attributed to Jumada I without treating their occurrence as a universal property of the month.
Attributed event date
Preserve who assigns an event to a Jumada I date, which tradition or historical context applies, and any competing dating.
- Which source or community assigns the linked event to this day of Jumada I? provenance
- Does the association support the requested calendar action, or does that action require a separate event or observance rule? action
Evidence and external alignment What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.
A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.
Reported evidence
Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.
Kinds and varieties
Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.
- astronomical-calculated Jumada I (tabular/Umm al-Qura and similar civil algorithms)
- crescent-sighted Jumada I (local or regional moon-sighting communities)
- pre-Islamic seasonal Jumada (the original dry/frozen-season month later detached from the solar year by the prohibition of intercalation)
- Jumada al-Ula as a civil month in national Hijri calendars (Saudi Umm al-Qura, Iranian, Turkish Diyanet, etc.)
- Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Jumada I this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Identifiers and schemes
Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.
- Wikidata - Q1201429 - Jumada al-awwal as a calendar month.
- Hijri month ordinal - 5 - Fifth month of the twelve-month Islamic year (after Rabi' al-Thani, before Jumada II).
- ISO 8601-1 / Hijri representation (informal civil use) - AH-yyyy-05 or iyyyy-05 in locale calendars - No dedicated ISO month code; software locales typically encode it as month 05 of a Hijri calendar system (islamic, islamic-umalqura, islamic-civil, islamic-tbla).
- Unicode CLDR / ICU calendar month code - islamic / islamic-umalqura month 5 (display names Jumada I, Jumada al-Awwal, جمادى الأولى) - CLDR month names and abbreviations for Islamic calendars.
- Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Jumada I this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Standards and regulation
Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.
- Qur'an 9:36-37 - twelve lunar months and prohibition of intercalation (nasi'), the scriptural frame that keeps Jumada I a purely lunar month.
- Saudi Umm al-Qura calendar (Umm al-Qura University / Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) - civil algorithm used for official Hijri dates including Jumada I in Saudi Arabia and widely as a software default.
- Regional moon-sighting authorities (e.g. national hilal committees, Turkey Diyanet, various fiqh councils) - determine the actual start and length of Jumada I for worship and local civil use.
- ICU/CLDR Islamic calendar locales - software naming and numbering of Jumada I as month 5 across islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-tbla, and islamic-umalqura.
- Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Jumada I this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Real-world use
Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.
- Civil and personal dating in Hijri-using states and communities: contracts, newspapers, identity documents, and correspondence dated in Jumada I of a given AH year.
- Religious timekeeping: the month is a named span for events, birth/death anniversaries, and some commemorations (not one of the four sacred months).
- Software and UI localization: month-name tables in operating systems, calendars, and banking systems that support Islamic calendars.
- Historical and archival citation: manuscripts, inscriptions, and chronicles dated to a day in Jumada al-Ula of an AH year, requiring conversion to Julian/Gregorian for cross-calendar work.
- Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Jumada I this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Typical measurements
Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.
- length of the month - 29 or 30 - day
- position in the Hijri year - 5 of 12 - month ordinal
- offset from the preceding new moon (mean synodic month) - about 29.53 (mean); civil months 29 or 30 - day
- seasonal alignment vs Gregorian year - drifts ~11 days earlier each Gregorian year; full seasonal cycle ~32-33 solar years - day per year (drift)
- Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Jumada I this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Failure modes and hazards
Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.
- One-day (sometimes two-day) disagreement between crescent-sighting communities and calculated civil calendars on when Jumada I begins or ends.
- Confusion of Jumada I with Jumada II in records, converting to a date one lunation off (~29-30 days).
- Tabular vs observational calendars assigning the same named day to different Gregorian dates, breaking legal and historical conversions.
- Pre-Islamic seasonal reading of the name (dry/frozen) wrongly taken as a present-day climate or agricultural marker.
- Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Jumada I this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Regional variation
Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.
- Arabic: Jumādā al-Ūlā / Jumādā al-Awwal (جمادى الأولى); numbering as the first of the two Jumadas.
- English and many European languages: Jumada I, Jumada al-Awwal, Djumada I (older Orientalist spelling).
- South Asia: Jamadi-ul-Awwal / Jumada-ul-Awwal in Urdu and related usage.
- Turkey: Cemaziyellevvel (Ottoman/Turkish form) in historical documents; modern Turkish Diyanet uses Cemaziyülevvel.
- Persian: Jamādi ol-avval (جمادیالاول).
- West Africa and Sahel: local Ajami and French-colonial spellings (e.g. Joumada I) in administrative records.
- Start date of a given Jumada I can differ by country according to sighting vs Umm al-Qura vs other civil algorithms.
- Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Jumada I this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart
Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.
- Jumada II (Jumada al-Thani / Jumada al-Akhirah) - Immediately following sixth month; same dual name-stem. Separate by ordinal (I = 5th, II = 6th) and by the epithet al-Ula/al-Awwal versus al-Thani/al-Akhirah.
- Rabi' al-Thani (Rabi' II) - The fourth Hijri month, immediately before Jumada I; different name-stem (r-b-' 'spring' vs j-m-d). Sequence test: Rabi' II then Jumada I then Jumada II.
- the four sacred months (Dhu al-Qa'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, Muharram, Rajab) - Jumada I is not a sacred month; Qur'an 9:36 and classical fiqh list those four, not Jumada.
- Gregorian May or any fixed solar month - Jumada I is lunar and drifts through the solar year; it is not equivalent to a Gregorian month. Convert via an explicit Hijri-Gregorian algorithm or sighting record, never by name.
- Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Jumada I this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Sources
- Jumada al-awwal (Q1201429) - Canonical item identity, aliases (Jumada I, Jumada al-Ula, Jumādā al-ʾAwwal), and calendar-month class.
- Jumada al-awwal - Position as fifth Hijri month, name etymology, 29/30-day length, and relation to Jumada al-Thani.
- Djumada - Classical Arabic name, dual Jumada months, and pre-Islamic seasonal sense of the root j-m-d.
- Qur'an 9:36-37 (twelve months; prohibition of nasi') - Scriptural freeze of a twelve-month lunar year without intercalation, which detaches Jumada I from any fixed season.
What the second pass must settle
- Which Arabic forms, regional names and transliterations should be accepted as verified aliases, and which abbreviated forms remain ambiguous?
- Which calendar authorities and published calendar versions must the intended deployment support, and how should disagreements be presented?
- How should sunset-based day intervals and midnight-based civil date labels be represented for each supported use?
- Which historical periods and locations have sufficient evidence to distinguish an adopted Jumada I date from a retrospective calculated date?
- Which claimed Jumada I observances or historical anniversaries have adequate community-specific sourcing to support links and scheduling?