ruthenium
Let an agent identify ruthenium and its properties, relay production, uses, isotopes and history from reference sources, relay safety information, and distinguish it from other platinum group metals.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent identify ruthenium and its properties, relay production, uses, isotopes and history from reference sources, relay safety information, and distinguish it from other platinum group metals.
A chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44, a hard, rare, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, found native and in platinum ores and recovered as a by-product of nickel and platinum refining; ruthenium is used to harden platinum and palladium alloys, in electrical contacts, hard disk media, chip resistors, electrochemical anodes and catalysts, and has seven stable isotopes.
What it is for: Alloys, electronics, catalysts and electrochemistry.
It can be relay properties and isotopes; explain production and uses; relay safety information; distinguish from other platinum group metals.
Distinguishing features
Platinum group
Hard and inert
Many oxidation states
Volatile toxic tetroxide
What it looks like
A hard, brittle, silvery-white metal.
Physical character
atomic number: 44 Z
standard atomic weight: 101.07 u
melting point: 2334 degrees C
density: 12.45 g/cm3
How it is recognised
Element 44, symbol Ru
Platinum group metal
Rhodium and osmium are related platinum group metals
Related models
is a kind of - in registry terms
is a kind of - group 8
is adjacent to - element 43
is adjacent to - element 45
In practice
Families and kinds
ruthenium metal and native ruthenium
ruthenium compounds such as the dioxide and tetroxide
isotopes from ruthenium-87 to ruthenium-124, with seven stable and Ru-106 a fission product
ruthenium in catalysts and electronics
Identifiers
symbol Ru
CAS 7440-18-8
Standards and regulation
Chemical safety data sheets, especially for ruthenium tetroxide
Precious metal trade rules
Radiation rules for ruthenium-106
Failure modes and hazards
Toxicity and volatility of ruthenium tetroxide
Supply concentration
Ru-106 releases from nuclear activities
Also called
+8
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Also registered as vr.tr.ruthenium
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Identify What ruthenium is.
Identity.
Properties
Properties.
Properties
Properties.
- What are the physical and chemical properties of ruthenium? definition
- Is the question about ruthenium or another platinum group metal? boundary
Isotopes
Isotopes.
Isotopes
Isotopes.
- Which isotopes exist, and why is ruthenium-106 monitored? definition
- Which entry fits the specific isotope? action
Source Occurrence and production.
Supply.
Occurrence
Occurrence.
Occurrence
Occurrence.
- Where does ruthenium occur, and how is it recovered from platinum and nickel ores? provenance
- Which entry fits platinum group metal mining? action
Supply
Supply.
Supply
Supply.
- Who produces ruthenium, and how is it traded, with sources? measurement
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Use Uses and safety.
Application.
Uses
Uses.
Uses
Uses.
- How is ruthenium used in alloys, electronics, catalysts and electrochemical anodes? provenance
- Which entry fits a specific application? action
Safety
Safety.
Safety
Safety.
- What hazards does ruthenium present, especially the tetroxide? provenance
- Is the user asking about a personal exposure, which needs a clinician or poison centre? boundary
Context History.
Context.
Discovery
Discovery.
Discovery
Discovery.
- How was ruthenium identified by Klaus in 1844, and how was it named? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Research
Research.
Research
Research.
- What research uses ruthenium complexes, such as in catalysis and photochemistry? provenance
- Which entry fits organometallic chemistry? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should isotopes be separate entries?
- How should reference data be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming isotopes and the native mineral; should they be split off?