samarium
Let an agent identify samarium and its properties, relay isotopes, production and uses from reference sources, explain its medical and dating roles, and distinguish it from neighbouring lanthanides.
Bundle → Layer → Finding → Questions Filled
4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions
Identify What samarium is.
Properties
Properties.
Properties
Properties.
- What are the physical and chemical properties of samarium? definition
- Is the question about samarium or a neighbouring lanthanide? boundary
Isotopes
Isotopes.
Isotopes
Isotopes.
- Which isotopes exist, and how are samarium-147 and samarium-153 used? definition
- Which entry fits the specific isotope? action
Source Occurrence and production.
Occurrence
Occurrence.
Occurrence
Occurrence.
- Where does samarium occur, and how is it separated from other rare earths? provenance
- Which entry fits rare earth mining? action
Supply
Supply.
Supply
Supply.
- Who produces samarium, and how is it traded, with sources? measurement
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Use Uses.
Magnets
Magnets and reactors.
Magnets
Magnets.
- How is samarium used in high-temperature magnets and reactor control? provenance
- Which entry fits samarium-cobalt magnet? action
Medical
Medical use.
Medical
Medical.
- How is samarium-153 used to treat bone pain in cancer, in general terms? provenance
- Is the user asking about their own treatment, which needs a clinician? boundary
Context History and dating.
Discovery
Discovery.
Discovery
Discovery.
- How was samarium discovered in 1879 and named after the mineral samarskite? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Dating
Samarium-neodymium dating.
Dating
Dating.
- How does samarium-neodymium dating work in geology? provenance
- Which entry fits radiometric dating? action
Classifiers Filled
- Family
- Thing Registry
- Category
- Physical world and living systems
- Entry kind
- thing
- Plane
- PHY
- Domain
- PHY.MAT
- Other names and narrower kinds
- samarium-144, samarium-153, samarium-128, samarium-129, samarium-130, samarium-131, samarium-132, samarium-133, samarium-134, samarium-135, samarium-135m, samarium-136
What it is Filled
A chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62, a moderately hard silvery lanthanide that oxidises in air and occurs in monazite and bastnasite; samarium is used in samarium-cobalt permanent magnets that resist high temperatures, in neutron absorbers for reactors, in catalysts and in the medical isotope samarium-153 for bone pain from cancer, and it has seven natural isotopes, several very weakly radioactive, including samarium-147 used in geological dating.
Why it exists Filled
Let an agent identify samarium and its properties, relay isotopes, production and uses from reference sources, explain its medical and dating roles, and distinguish it from neighbouring lanthanides.
Distinguishing features Filled
- Samarium-cobalt magnets
- Neutron absorption
- Sm-153 in medicine
- Sm-Nd dating
What robots and AI may and may not do Filled
Must not
- Advise handling fine samarium powder without fire precautions.
- Advise handling medical radioisotopes outside licensed use.
- Present supply figures without sources.
- Recommend disposal of samarium magnets or compounds as ordinary waste.
Only with a human decision
- Medical use of radioactive samarium for a patient.
May
- Explain samarium's properties and uses in magnets and medicine.
- Report on supply with sources and dates.
Moral aspects Filled
- Rare earth mining harms workers and environments in producing regions.
- Medical isotopes help patients with bone pain but need careful use.
Who is affected
- Mining communities
- Patients
- Workers
Owners Filled
Steward
Nobody owns the element; producers and licensed holders answer for their stock.
Links to other meta-models Filled
parent
- Q19569 - registry parent class
related
- lanthanide - in registry terms
- rare earth element - in general terms
- samarium-cobalt magnet - a permanent magnet type
- europium - element 63
What else AI and robots need to interact with it Filled
Identity and identifiers required Filled
- Vercy registry: vr.tr.samarium
- Wikidata: Q1819 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819)
- symbol: Sm
- CAS: 7440-19-9
Direct properties required Filled
- atomic number: 62 Z
- standard atomic weight: 150.36 u
- melting point: 1072 degrees C
- samarium-147 half-life: about 106 billion years
Recognition required Filled
- Element 62, symbol Sm
- Lanthanide with magnet and isotope uses
- Promethium and europium are the neighbouring lanthanides
- A silvery metal that tarnishes to a grey oxide in air.
Capabilities and actions required Filled
- relay properties and isotopes
- explain production and uses
- explain medical and dating roles
- distinguish from other lanthanides
Hazards and failure modes required Filled
- Flammability of fine metal
- Radiation safety for medical isotopes
- Supply concentration
Standards and interfaces required Filled
- Chemical safety data sheets
- Radiopharmaceutical regulation for samarium-153
- Rare earth trade and export rules
Context of use required Filled
- Magnets, reactor control, catalysts and medical isotopes.
- samarium metal and alloys
- samarium compounds such as the oxide and iodide
- isotopes from samarium-128 to samarium-165, with seven natural and Sm-153 medical
- samarium in magnets, reactors and catalysts
Sources Filled
- Wikidata item Q1819: samarium - identity and sense of the item
- Wikipedia: Samarium - general description of the item
Open questions
- Should samarium-cobalt magnet and Sm-153 be separate entries?
- How should reference data be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming isotopes; should they be split off?
Machine files
Provenance
thing registry research (pass 2) · unreviewed
Built from: models/things/publications/thing-q1819/spec.json