Published
thulium
vr.tr.thulium · thing-q1853
Let an agent identify thulium and its properties, relay isotopes, occurrence and uses from reference sources, and distinguish it from neighbouring lanthanides.
Thing Registry Physical world and living systems PHY.MAT
Bundle → Layer → Finding → QuestionsClassifiersWhat it isWhy it existsDistinguishing featuresWhat robots and AI may and may not doMoral aspectsOwnersLinks to other meta-modelsIdentity and identifiersDirect propertiesRecognitionCapabilities and actionsHazards and failure modesStandards and interfacesContext of useSources
Bundle → Layer → Finding → Questions Filled
4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions
Identify What thulium is.
Properties
Properties.
Properties
Properties.
- What are the physical and chemical properties of thulium? definition
- Is the question about thulium or a neighbouring lanthanide? boundary
Isotopes
Isotopes.
Isotopes
Isotopes.
- Which isotopes exist, and which are stable or useful? definition
- Which entry fits the specific isotope? action
Source Occurrence and production.
Occurrence
Occurrence.
Occurrence
Occurrence.
- Where does thulium occur, and how is it separated from other rare earths? provenance
- Which entry fits rare earth mining? action
Supply
Supply.
Supply
Supply.
- Who produces thulium, and how scarce is it, with sources? measurement
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Use Uses.
X-ray
X-ray sources.
Xray
Xray.
- How is thulium-170 used in portable X-ray sources, and what safety rules apply? provenance
- Which entry fits radiography? action
Lasers
Lasers and materials.
Lasers
Lasers.
- How is thulium used in lasers, fibres and superconductors? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Context History.
Discovery
Discovery.
Discovery
Discovery.
- How was thulium discovered by Cleve in 1879, and how was it named? provenance
- Which entry fits the history of the rare earths? action
Teach
Teaching.
Teach
Teaching.
- How is thulium presented in teaching the lanthanides? provenance
- Which entry fits the periodic table? action
Classifiers Filled
- Family
- Thing Registry
- Category
- Physical world and living systems
- Entry kind
- thing
- Plane
- PHY
- Domain
- PHY.MAT
- Other names and narrower kinds
- thulium-169, thulium-170, thulium-171, thulium-172, thulium-173, thulium-174, thulium-175, thulium-176, thulium-177, thulium-178, thulium-179, thulium-145
What it is Filled
A chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69, a silvery lanthanide metal and the second rarest of the rare earth elements; thulium occurs in monazite and other minerals, has one stable isotope, thulium-169, and is used in portable X-ray sources through its isotope thulium-170, in solid-state lasers and in some superconductors.
Why it exists Filled
Let an agent identify thulium and its properties, relay isotopes, occurrence and uses from reference sources, and distinguish it from neighbouring lanthanides.
Distinguishing features Filled
- Second rarest lanthanide
- Single stable isotope Tm-169
- Tm-170 as X-ray source
- Trivalent chemistry with blue-green luminescence
What robots and AI may and may not do Filled
Must not
- Handle radioactive thulium sources without licensed controls.
- Misrepresent the origin of rare earth material to hide harmful mining practices.
- Dispose of thulium-bearing devices or residues outside proper channels.
Only with a human decision
- Moving or disposing of a radioactive thulium source.
May
- Report thulium's properties, isotopes and uses, such as in lasers and portable X-ray sources.
- Trace thulium supply information from reported sources.
Moral aspects Filled
- Rare earth mining causes heavy pollution and often poor working conditions.
- Radioactive sources used in imaging must be kept from people who could be hurt.
Who is affected
- Mining communities
- Patients and operators of imaging equipment
Owners Filled
Steward
The holder of the material; radiation regulators license radioactive sources.
Links to other meta-models Filled
parent
- Q19569 - registry parent class
related
- lanthanide - the series
- rare earth element - in general terms
- erbium - element 68
- ytterbium - element 70
What else AI and robots need to interact with it Filled
Identity and identifiers required Filled
- Vercy registry: vr.tr.thulium
- Wikidata: Q1853 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853)
- symbol: Tm
- CAS: 7440-30-4
Direct properties required Filled
- atomic number: 69 Z
- standard atomic weight: 168.934 u
- melting point: 1545 degrees C
- density: 9.32 g/cm3
Recognition required Filled
- Element 69, symbol Tm
- Lanthanide with one stable isotope
- Neighbouring erbium and ytterbium have similar chemistry
- A soft, silvery-grey metal that tarnishes slowly in air.
Capabilities and actions required Filled
- relay properties and isotopes
- explain occurrence and extraction
- relay uses
- distinguish from other lanthanides
Hazards and failure modes required Filled
- Radiation from activated isotopes
- Dust flammability of fine metal
- Supply concentration in few countries
Standards and interfaces required Filled
- Radiation safety rules for thulium-170 sources
- Rare earth trade and export controls
- Chemical safety data sheets
Context of use required Filled
- Portable X-ray sources, lasers and research uses.
- thulium metal and alloys
- thulium compounds such as the oxide and halides
- isotopes from thulium-144 to thulium-183, with Tm-169 stable and Tm-170 and Tm-171 of practical use
- thulium-doped laser and fibre materials
Sources Filled
- Wikidata item Q1853: thulium - identity and sense of the item
- Wikipedia: Thulium - general description of the item
Open questions
- Should isotopes be separate entries?
- How should reference data be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming isotopes; should they be split off?
Machine files
Provenance
thing registry research (pass 2) · unreviewed
Built from: models/things/publications/thing-q1853/spec.json